Anorexia, Meet Orthorexia

Anorexia, Meet Orthorexia Anorexia, Meet Orthorexia Anorexia, Meet Orthorexia By Maeve Maddox The other evening I heard the word orthorexia for the first time. Its a newly coined word meaning Excessive concern with consuming a diet considered to be correct in some respect, often involving the elimination of foods or food groups supposed to be harmful to health. On the pattern of anorexia nervosa, one may now speak of orthorexia nervosa, a pathological concern with consuming a correct diet. The word anorexia has been around since 1598 with the meaning lack of appetite. An extreme form of anorexia is anorexia nervosa: pathological loss of appetite from psychic causes typically accompanied by deficiency symptoms, emaciation, and wasting and atrophic changes The new word for worrying too much about eating healthful foods was coined by Colorado MD Steven Bratman. According to Bratman, a woman named Kate Finn died of the effects of orthorexia. Dieters would do well to recall this advice from the ancients: Observe due measure, moderation is best in all things. Hesiod Moderation, the noblest gift of heaven. Euripides We should pursue and practice moderation. Plato If you want to know more about orthorexia nervosa, this Wikipedia article is a good place to begin. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:12 Signs and Symbols You Should KnowWriting the CenturyDozen: Singular or Plural?

Dictionary of Old and Obsolete Occupations - W

Dictionary of Old and Obsolete Occupations - W The occupations found recorded in documents from prior centuries often appear unusual or foreign when compared to the occupations of today. The following occupations beginning with W are generally now considered old or obsolete, although some of these occupational terms are still in use today. Wabster  - weaver Wadding maker  - maker of wadding (usually made of old rags or cotton) for stuffing upholstered furniture Wafer maker  - maker of church communion wafers Wagoner  / Waggoner  - teamster not for hire. The WAGNER surname is the 7th most common name in Germany. Wailer  - Mine worker who removed impure rocks in a coal mine Wain house proprietor  - owner of a building where wagons could be parked for a fee Wainius  - ploughman Wainwright  - wagon maker Waiter  - customs officer or tide waiter; one who waited on the tide to collect duty on goods brought in Waitman  - Nightwatchman who guarded the gates of a city, usually marking the hours with the ringing of a small bell Waker  - A person whose job was to wake workers in time for early morning work Walker / Waulker  - fuller; cloth trampler or cleaner. The WALKER surname is the 28th most popular name in the United States. Waller  - 1) Specialist in building walls; 2) salt maker. The WALLER surname is one variation of WALL. Wardcorn  - Watchman armed with a horn for sounding the alarm on the event of intruders or trouble. Common during medieval times. Warker  - Specialist at building walls, embattlements, and embankments Warper / Warp Beamer  - a textile worker who arranged the individual yarns which created the warp of the fabric upon a large cylinder called a beam. Water bailiff  - 1) A customs officer who searched ships as they came into port; 2) one employed to protect fisheries from poachers Water carter / Water carrier  - Someone who sold fresh water from a traveling cart Waterguard  - customs officer Wattle hurdle maker - one who made a special type of fence from wattle to contain sheep Weatherspy - astrologer Webber / Webster  - weaver; operator of looms. The WEBER surname is the 6th most common German name. Wet nurse  -  A women who feeds the children of others with her own breast milk (usually for a fee) Wetter - either one who dampened paper during the printing process, or one in the glass industry who detached glass by wetting Wharfinger  - a person who owned or was in charge of a wharf Wheel tapper -  Ã‚  a railway worker who checked for cracked wheels by striking them with a long-handled hammer and listening to their ring Wheelwright  - builder and repairer of wagon wheels, carriages etc. Wheeryman - one in charge of a wheery (light rowboat) Whey cutter  - a worker in the cheese industry Whiffler  - an officer who went before an army or procession to clear the way by blowing a horn or trumpet Whipcorder  - a maker of whips Whipperin - in charge of managing the hounds in a hunt Whisket weaver  - basket maker White cooper  - one who makes barrels from tin or other light metals White limer  - one who painted walls and fences with white lime Whitesmith  - tinsmith; worker of tin who finishes or polishes the work Whitewing - street sweeper Whitster  - bleacher of cloth Willow plaiter - one who made baskets Wing coverer  - a worker who covered airplane wings with linen fabric Wonkey scooper  - person who operated a scoop-type contraption from a horse Woolcomber - one who  operated machines that separate fibers for spinning in the woolen industry Woolen billy piercer - worked in a woolen mill to piece together broken yarns Wool man / Wool sorter - one who sorted wool into different grades Wright  - a skilled worker in various trades. The WRIGHT surname is the 34th most common name in the United States.

Travelling As A Source Of Learning English Essay

Travelling As A Source Of Learning English - Essay Example English is an international medium for communication. On an international front, English plays an important role in binding contracts between governments of two countries (Riches and Curt-Christiansen). Therefore, it is deemed critical for professionals from several fields to develop English language. On the other side, in some Asian countries, English is considered as a status symbol. It is believed to be a communication medium of upper social class. Additionally, those individuals, who are not a native English speakers are believed to be excellent learners of this language because they attempt to increase their linguistics. This essay attempted to analyze the importance of traveling across various cultures in the development of advanced linguistics in youth. At the same time, I have been able to dwell on my strong skill of tongue because of my frequent international traveling experience. English is also considered as an international medium of communication. Therefore, used in fabricating various international contracts among nations. Hence, in the light of this argument, politicians should develop their English in order, to understand the embedded meanings of a legal document. On the other, as a student of English, I consider it as my duty to understand English better than anyone in the world does. However, to accomplish this goal, I am regularly reading ancient English literature in order to; understand the very roots of English. On the other hand, my teachers helped me, during my quest of learning English.

Strategies for Building Effective Relationships Assignment

Strategies for Building Effective Relationships - Assignment Example Therefore, in order to have a rebranding strategy and to see it succeed, the company needs an internal reboot, rather than just a mere brand make-over. My endeavor shall be to ensure that past records of rough behavior or disagreements are erased from the working memory of peer managers and subordinates. A new project lead faces the brunt and dissatisfaction of employees left behind by the previous manager and my task would be to ensure that the interpersonal relationships amongst all these sections of the team are established. Here is a step by step process of how we would go about it. Before we begin understanding how to go about rebuilding relationships within this company, it would be more important for us to understand why we need to do so. If the revenues on the already launched products have been going down over the past three years, then even before we plan a new launch, we need a rehash of ethical and management practices to bring back the unity and quality. Once all the employees of the company are on the same page, it becomes easy to plan a new launch and see it succeed, since every employee would collaborate and come up with ideas that the company benefits from. To check and correct product performance, we need to check the quality of products being released in the market, the audience niches targeted, and the market predictions. And to get all these things working, we need a great team. In my new position as a project manager in my uncle’s company, I am looking to follow a three-step approach to reviving the company’s spirits and sales. Firstly, there needs to be a whole lot of interactive exercises which cross out behavioral differences and make the team players more transparent to the existing problems or notches in the working of the different sections of the company. Secondly, we need an ultra-dynamic team that recognizes the risks, potentials, and vulnerabilities.

Cultural Considerations for Optimization of Innovation Essay Example for Free

Cultural Considerations for Optimization of Innovation Essay Innovations that drive organizations are influenced by cultural elements. Change is a constant in the business world today and those company’s that are able to manage the cultural considerations that are needed for the optimization of innovation will have a better chance at success. Innovation is driven by the need to keep pace with change. The culture that an organization sets forth will help drive the type of innovations that develop within the company. Innovation can be used for two purposes in business: 1. â€Å". . . some organizations recognize they are not growing fast enough and look to innovation to revive growth. . . (Collins 2007)† and 2. â€Å". . . other organizations want innovation to bring them valuable market differentiation (Collins 2007). † A company culture that encourages innovation maintains optimization of innovation. Thomas Gutteridge, Dean of the College of Business Administration at the University of Toledo, posits that â€Å". . all parties must understand and accept each others’ unique culture and develop a mutual set of expectations (Gutteridge 2007). † Those organizations that make innovation a strategic priority foster a culture of acceptance of new ideas and change. Companies, such as 3M, that are successes at optimizing innovation consider four keys for effective innovation (Leavy 2005): 1. placing people and ideas at the heart of management philosophy, 2. iving people room to grow and learn from mistakes, 3. build a strong sense of openness and trust across organization, 4. facilitating the internal mobility of talent. Effective innovation requires a balance between play and discipline; practice and process; and creativity and efficiency (Leavy 2005). In all, company culture must be accepting of new ideas and provide platforms for employees to feel comfortable bringing new ideas to help the organization keep up with change.

Korean Pop (K-POP) Essay -- Music Musical History Korea Essays

Korean Pop (K-POP) K-pop is short for K = Korean and pop = pop. So what is K-pop? Korean pop. But what really is it? It is the pop of Korea. (No one really knows.) However, there is evidence that it is used for non-ceremonial purposes on the historic peninsula of Korea. Korean pop music happens to be very popular in Korea. It is most popular among the youth of Korea. For the purpose of clarity for this one-thousand-word essay, the youth is defined roughly as ages 0 - 22. Now, there is a phenomenon that occurs with Korean pop music and older Koreans. This phenomenon is a distinct characteristic of Korean pop that separates it from the older Korean pop music of the seventies. This phenomenon is that the older Korean people do not understand the words that come out of the mouths of the singers of Korean pop music that pumps out of the music industry of today in the nation of Korea. This phenomenon parallels that of the pop music of the biggest country of North America—also known by many humans as the United States of America—where older people have trouble connecting with the popular trends in music. This might be illustrated by American people who tend to like country music. If it is not obvious, fans of country music like country music because, as the author of this text has heard, "you can understand [the words]". It is also the tendency that fans of pop music dislike country. These two seem to be mutually exclusive musical tastes. In fact, the older pop of Korea, in the opinion of the author of this text, sounds like country just a wee bit. Trends tend to have the effect that older people can’t understand the words that come out of the mouths of the setters of the trends. Back to our first topic, what is K-pop? It is... ... the rest of the conversation. When asked ‘what you would like to receive as a present for Christmas’ Britney replied, ‘Clothes and accessories’ from which BoA replied, ‘me too’, ending their conversation. However, Britney who had been requesting many fussy conditions during her stay in Korea, left as soon as the concert finished, leaving no further chance for the two stars to talk and the fans disappointed†. In conclusion, K-pop is just like A-pop, with sometimes less talent, sometimes more. Only one thing is certain, eh-hem, analytic and a priori: What exists exists to not not exist. All else: non-analytic, non-empirical. In your head, son. Bibliography KPop Music Video, www.kpopmusic.co.uk KPOP Music.com, www.kpopmusic.com/ solid07 - #1 stop for kpop, www.solid07.net :+: kpop forum :+:, www.kpopforum.cjb.net Kpop.co.uk, www.kpop.co.uk Korean Pop (K-POP) Essay -- Music Musical History Korea Essays Korean Pop (K-POP) K-pop is short for K = Korean and pop = pop. So what is K-pop? Korean pop. But what really is it? It is the pop of Korea. (No one really knows.) However, there is evidence that it is used for non-ceremonial purposes on the historic peninsula of Korea. Korean pop music happens to be very popular in Korea. It is most popular among the youth of Korea. For the purpose of clarity for this one-thousand-word essay, the youth is defined roughly as ages 0 - 22. Now, there is a phenomenon that occurs with Korean pop music and older Koreans. This phenomenon is a distinct characteristic of Korean pop that separates it from the older Korean pop music of the seventies. This phenomenon is that the older Korean people do not understand the words that come out of the mouths of the singers of Korean pop music that pumps out of the music industry of today in the nation of Korea. This phenomenon parallels that of the pop music of the biggest country of North America—also known by many humans as the United States of America—where older people have trouble connecting with the popular trends in music. This might be illustrated by American people who tend to like country music. If it is not obvious, fans of country music like country music because, as the author of this text has heard, "you can understand [the words]". It is also the tendency that fans of pop music dislike country. These two seem to be mutually exclusive musical tastes. In fact, the older pop of Korea, in the opinion of the author of this text, sounds like country just a wee bit. Trends tend to have the effect that older people can’t understand the words that come out of the mouths of the setters of the trends. Back to our first topic, what is K-pop? It is... ... the rest of the conversation. When asked ‘what you would like to receive as a present for Christmas’ Britney replied, ‘Clothes and accessories’ from which BoA replied, ‘me too’, ending their conversation. However, Britney who had been requesting many fussy conditions during her stay in Korea, left as soon as the concert finished, leaving no further chance for the two stars to talk and the fans disappointed†. In conclusion, K-pop is just like A-pop, with sometimes less talent, sometimes more. Only one thing is certain, eh-hem, analytic and a priori: What exists exists to not not exist. All else: non-analytic, non-empirical. In your head, son. Bibliography KPop Music Video, www.kpopmusic.co.uk KPOP Music.com, www.kpopmusic.com/ solid07 - #1 stop for kpop, www.solid07.net :+: kpop forum :+:, www.kpopforum.cjb.net Kpop.co.uk, www.kpop.co.uk

Financial accounting and Managerial use Essay

Background LJB Company , a small business local distributor who understands to go public in the future, the company should be in accordance with the law and may need to take more stringent internal control principles. At the request of the president, an independent internal evaluation of internal controls was conducted to evaluate the direction of strength and weakness. Objective The objectives of this report should evaluate the existing controls and make recommendations that will ensure the companies assets and help get the most accurate financial information. Based on a system of internal checks and balances will be just in my recommendations to the president of the company, since most of the internal control systems provide for independent internal control; This principle involves the review of data prepared by employees. To get the maximum benefit from an independent internal control : Control values and Integrity from the top make it clear that it is unethical activities will not be accepted, and set the tone for the company’s culture . There are several principles of management : 1. Establishment of responsibility: management is most effective when a single source may be responsible for the problem, including the authorization and approval of transactions. Weakness: LJB has only one accountant who serves as treasurer and controller , which can optimize the processes , but it creates an inherent risk . Cashier handled informally . Accountant is so busy that the company handles the checkout bit differently . All employees have access to the petty cash drawer and just put a note asking if they use any of the cash. Recommendation: * Align the specific obligations of employees to limit access to authorized employees so that the buyer is not the same person who authorizes the payment without the approval of the head at least . Otherwise , a person may make payments that are made to yourself. * Use unique passwords per employee to protect the purchasing system to provide adequate documents and records management. * Assign petty cash custodian. 2 . Segregation of duties : † After one employee should , without duplication of effort , provide a sound basis for evaluating the work of another employee. † 2 * Strength: Accountant receives the checks and completes the monthly bank reconciliation. This force , as the bank and the company maintain independent records , which may not always agree on what may be a simple mistake of either party. To maintain maximum benefits , a worker who has no other duties associated with cash should prepare a reconciliation. * Weakness: The same accountant all purchases of supplies and pays for these purchases per hour is a dual role . Petty cash handled all . * Recommendation: 1. Divide the purchase task to avoid the temptation of possible abuse. Keeper of the petty cash fund makes payments , but the reviews accountant to recharge . 2 . Require the authorization of the buyer and payment of employees on vacation at different times of the year. 3 . Documentation and procedures to provide evidence that the transactions and events occurred * Strength: Accountant recently started using pre- numbered invoices. * Weaknesses: Unclear procedures for shipping requirements , invoices and time signatures in developing accounting documents . All employees are required only to leave a note in the box , not supply a receipt. * Recommendation: * Delivery document indicates well have been shipped, invoice sales means that the client has been announced. Use remittance advice (mail receipts ) , cash register tapes, and deposit slips . * Require signature to identify the person responsible for the activity . * If possible , the user pre- numbered documents . It also helps to ensure that the transaction is no recorded several times or not at all . * Require time when documents should be sent in accounting for timely accounting. * Require receipts for most, if not all operations on a small number of dollars. Note: accountant wants to buy an indelible ink machine to print their checks. I would recommend the purchase of this equipment , depending on the cost-benefit analysis . Keep blank checks in safes with limited access will  be my first suggestion to cut spending immediately , with no additional costs. | 4 . Physical control can be mechanical and electronic asset protection . * Strength: Before leaving for the weekend accountant , accountant will move checks in a safe in his office . * Weakness: For salaries , checks selected accountant and left in his office for pick-up . Cashier box is not locked. * Recommendation: * Closed storage inventory and records management and control at all times, and not just for the weekend . * Alarm to prevent tampering if appropriate cost benefit * Closed petty cash . 5 . Independent internal verification includes an overview and comparison of the data to reconcile * Strength: Does not work . * Weaknesses: Unclear procedures requirements signatures , such as small cash transactions. Accountant is so busy that the company handles the checkout bit differently . All employees have access to the petty cash drawer and just put a note asking if they use any of the cash. * Recommendation: 1. Require an accountant to examine receipts and documents to verify costs to replenish funds. 2 . Surprise internal audits 6. Office of Human Resources * Strength: Employees seem to stay with the company for a long time and seems to be loyal . * Weakness: The President is still quite embarrassed because he was forced to fire one of their employees for viewing pornography on a company computer. He later learned that this man was a convicted felon who served time for molesting children. The Company had a hard time getting the employee to admit that this is it, because the company does not assign individual passwords. The President expressed his disappointment because he and an accountant and an interview and approve all new employees. * Recommendation: 1. Perform back ground checks and verify education credentials 2 . Check references , but never used the figures provided a reference sheet 3 . Employees bonds that deal cash 4 . Assign unique passwords for employees Conclusion: There are limitations of internal control , but they must provide reasonable assurance that assets are protected and accounting are accurate. Currently, as a small company LJB can not have a very complicated system of internal control , but must recognize the reality of the law for trading companies with the public are held at a higher level of compliance . LJB Company does some things right , but there are several areas for improvement . Literature : http://map.ais.ucla.edu/go/1002631 Paul D. Kimmel , Jerry J. Weygandt, Donald Kieso – 2010 – Business & Economics http://www.macomb.edu/About+Macomb/College+Policies/Policies/Guidelines+for+Purchasing+Activities.htm https://www.cms.gov/Regulations-and-Guidance/†¦/fin106c07.pdf http://www.brockport.edu/intcontrol/questions.html

Google Marketing Plan

Strategic planning Analyzing Google’s strategic planning process Google’s Strategic planning Strategic planning is the process of developing and maintaining a fit between the organization’s goals and capabilities and its changing marketing opportunities. Google’s story is not that different from many startups in the late 1990s. At first, the operation was run out of Page’s dorm room with borrowed and refurbished equipment. The newly incorporated company, funded by angel investors, moved off campus and soon, at the height of the dotcom boom, attracted $25 million in support from two venture capital firms.In 2004 the company went public with a prospectus that proposed the motto â€Å"Don’t Be Evil† and described an auction to determine its opening share price. STEPS IN STRATEGIC PLANNING: STEP ONE: DEFINE THE MISSION Google’s mission: Organize the world's information and make it universally accessible and useful. STEP TWO: SET OBJ ECTIVES AND GOALS Google’s objectives: Enabling users to search a larger base of information, Google began with the Internet search engine in 1998.They want to make the â€Å"perfect search engine† that â€Å"understands exactly what you mean and gives you back exactly what you want. † At that time, Google need to invest in research and development for a better search engine. So being profitable becomes an objective. Developing tracking mechanisms and new advertising technology, as their main profit was from Internet advertising, they dug deeper in this field and introduced â€Å"AdWords†, a self-service program for creating online ad campaigns in 2000.It help thousands of businesses grow and be successful. This program has become the main profit resources now. Creating patents and intellectual property – will hold the keys to gaining competitive advantages in the market and retaining and recruiting the best human resources Google has grown to offe r products beyond search, but the spirit of the mission remains. From search to Chrome to Gmail—their goal is to make it as easy as possible for you to find the information you need and get the things you need to do done.In 2011, Eric Schmidt, CEO of Google, writes about the company's plans for the coming years, saying â€Å"as I think about Google's strategic initiatives in 2011, I realize they're all about mobile. † Thanks to geolocation and the power of the phone's Web browser platform, it's possible to deliver personalized information to users about â€Å"where you are, what you could do there right now, and so forth, and to deliver such a service at scale. † At this point, Google decided to devote most of their energy in the mobile field, as it can provide the customer with useful information very easily.This objective is persistent with Google’s mission. STEP THREE: Designing the Business Portfolio Nearly everything the company does , including buil ding big data centers ,buying optical fiber , promoting free Wi-Fi access ,fighting copyright restrictions , supporting open source software ,and giving away Web services and data , is aimed at reducing the cost and expanding the scope of Internet use . In year 2011, Google began working on a mobile payments service called â€Å"Google money†, in according with the mobile field development objective.Google’s products a) For individual: Google search; Google Chrome; Gmail; Aim to help you find the needed information easily and conveniently and spare more time for yourself, family and friends. b) For companies: Google AdWords: to find prospects; you don’t have to pay until you ad has been clicked. Google Apps: Gmail; Google Calendar; The Cloud Disk; Google document†¦ Help to improve work efficiency. Google Analytics: optimize your website c) For network: Chrome AndroidAnalyzing the current business portfolio (BCG Analysis) Product| Market Share | Market Growt h| Type| Android| High| High | Stars| Browser| Low| High| Question marks| Ads| High| High| Stars| Searching engine| High| Low| Cash cows| Youtube| High| Low| Cash cows| Developing strategies for growth and downsizing Market Penetration: Google is now expanding in different areas especially in American markets by following the penetration strategy and the customers are targeted by the advertisers in different geographical locations.Market Development: Google search in present market is involved in changing the trends just because of the customers need. Google is now enhancing the features of the search engines to become more attractive for the customers. Diversification Strategy: Google has always been investing heavily in internal R&D projects with the aim of â€Å"solving the world’s problems using technology†. It is now much more than a search engine – it is using its massive retained profits to diversify into a wide range of seemingly unrelated industries.STE P FOUR: PLANNING MARKETING AND OTHER FUNCTIONAL STATEGIES Google has sought to employ the power of differentiation to create a competitive advantage —understands exactly what you mean and gives you back exactly what you want Applying concentric diversification focus on the core product of search services the company has also been able to benefit from a competitive advantage in â€Å"faster response times, greater scalability and lower costs† Hence, not only does Google have a high advantage in the differentiation arena, but a cost and speed advantage as well.Google offers generous stock options and provide relaxed working atmosphere to retain the best talent and align employee interests with shareholder interests. (Google provides free lunches every day for employees and encourages participation in the weekly roller hockey games. The company regularly sponsors employee outings such as picnics and skiing trips) WHAT ROLE MARKETING PLAYS IN THIS PROCESS?First, marketing provides a guiding philosophy that suggests that company strategy should revolve around building profitable relationships with important consumer groups. To maximize customers’ benefit, satisfy the latest demand, Google develop the technologies that serve people’s life and work. Second, marketing provides inputs to strategic planners by helping to identify attractive market opportunities and by assessing the firm’s potential to take advantage of them.As the development of mobile equipment, more and more people choose the mobile instead of fixture. Google spend much energy in the mobile equipment these years, marketing lead Google to this development direction Finally, within individual business units, marketing designs strategies for reaching the unit’s objectives. Marketing strategies and programs are developed to support marketing objectives.

Free Essays on Chaucers Canterbury Tales

and an Anglo-Saxon grit in their middles. Chaucer's Canterbury Tales was banned for decades from the U.S. mails under the Comstock Law of 1873. Officially known as the Federal Anti-Obscenity Act, this law banned the mailing of "lewd", "indecent", "filthy", or "obscene" materials. The Comstock Law, passed in the United States in 1873, was part of a campaign for legislating public morality in the United States. As its full title above implies, ... Free Essays on Chaucer's Canterbury Tales Free Essays on Chaucer's Canterbury Tales The book that I choose to do that was banned was Chaucer’s, Canterbury Tales. Chaucer’s, the Canterbury Tales (written in the late 1380s), is a collection of stories of various kinds derived mainly from Italian and other European sources drawn together by the notion of a pilgrimage. In the Middle Ages it was not uncommon for people of different social classes to join together as pilgrims as they would not elsewhere in life. So we hear firstly the narrator’s description of most of the group in a satirical and often extremely amusing manner, in the General Prologue. Secondly we hear pilgrims tell stories to each other in an appropriate style for their characters after they have offered their own unique prologues (the Wife of Bath’s is particularly interesting and shows an almost proto-feminist attitude). Usually the tales are popular or well known stories to which Chaucer adds or removes details to suit his purpose. There is a great mixture of serious and co mical, sacred and profane here though it should be noted that the writer added a retraction at the end of his (in fact incomplete) Tales to reduce the chance of vengeance from God. This seems wise after the images of hot pokers going where hot pokers should certainly not go and other lewdness in "The Miller’s Tale" and elsewhere. The language is very different to our own in the sense that it has more French roots that English has now lost so it is advisable to think of the lines as being spoken with a French accent at the end of words and an Anglo-Saxon grit in their middles. Chaucer's Canterbury Tales was banned for decades from the U.S. mails under the Comstock Law of 1873. Officially known as the Federal Anti-Obscenity Act, this law banned the mailing of "lewd", "indecent", "filthy", or "obscene" materials. The Comstock Law, passed in the United States in 1873, was part of a campaign for legislating public morality in the United States. As its full title above implies, ...

Biography of Qin Shi Huang, First Emperor of China

Biography of Qin Shi Huang, First Emperor of China Qin Shi Huang (around 259 BCE–September 10, 210  BCE) was the First Emperor of a unified China and founder of the Qin dynasty, who ruled from 246 BCE to 210 BCE. In his 35-year reign, he caused both rapid cultural and intellectual advancement  and much destruction and oppression within China. He is famed for creating magnificent and enormous construction projects, including the beginnings of the Great Wall of China. Fast Facts: Qin Shi Huang ï » ¿Known For:  First Emperor of unified China, founder of Qin dynastyï » ¿Also Known As:  Ying Zheng; Zheng, the King of Qin; Shi HuangdiBorn:  Exact date of birth unknown; most likely around 259 BCE in HananParents: King Zhuangxiang of Qin and Lady ZhaoDied:  September 10, 210  BCE in eastern ChinaGreat Works:  Beginning construction of the Great Wall of China, the terracotta armySpouse: No empress, many concubinesChildren: Around 50 children, including Fusu, Gao, Jianglà ¼, HuhaiNotable Quote: I have collected all the writings of the Empire and burnt those which were of no use. Early Life Qin Shi Huangs birth and parentage are shrouded in mystery. According to legend, a rich merchant named Lu Buwei befriended a prince of the Qin State during the latter years of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty (770–256 BCE).  The merchants lovely wife Zhao Ji had just gotten pregnant, so he arranged for the prince to meet and fall in love with her. She became the princes concubine  and then gave birth to the merchant Lu Buweis child in 259 BCE. The baby, born in Hanan, was named Ying Zheng. The prince believed the baby was his own.  Ying Zheng became king of the Qin state in 246 BCE, upon the death of his supposed father. He ruled as Qin Shi Huang  and unified China for the first time. Early Reign The young king was only 13 years old when he took the throne, so his prime minister (and likely real father) Lu Buwei acted as regent for the first eight years.  This was a difficult time for any ruler in China, with seven warring states vying for control of the land. The leaders of the Qi, Yan, Zhao, Han, Wei, Chu, and Qin states were former dukes under the Zhou Dynasty  but had each proclaimed themselves king as the Zhou reign fell apart. In this unstable environment, warfare flourished, as did books like Sun Tzus The Art of War.  Lu Buwei had another problem as well; he feared that the king would discover his true identity. Lao Ais Revolt According to Sima Qian in the Shiji, or Records of the Grand Historian, Lu Buwei hatched a scheme to depose Qin Shi Huang in 240 BCE. He introduced the kings mother Zhao Ji to Lao Ai, a man famed for his large penis. The queen dowager and Lao Ai had two sons and Lao and Lu Buwei decided to launch a coup in 238 BCE. Lao raised an army, aided by the king of nearby Wei, and tried to seize control while Qin Shi Huang was traveling. The young king, however, cracked down hard on the rebellion and prevailed. Lao was executed by having his arms, legs, and neck tied to horses, which were then spurred to run in different directions. His whole family was also killed, including the kings two half-brothers and all other relatives to the third degree (uncles, aunts, cousins).  The queen dowager was spared  but spent the rest of her days under house arrest. Consolidation of Power Lu Buwei was banished after the Lao Ai incident  but did not lose all of his influence in Qin. However, he lived in constant fear of execution by the mercurial young king.  In 235 BCE, Lu committed suicide by drinking poison. With his death, the 24-year-old king assumed full command over the kingdom of Qin. Qin Shi Huang grew increasingly suspicious of those around him and banished all foreign scholars from his court as spies. The kings fears were well-founded. In 227, the Yan state sent two assassins to his court, but the king fought them off with his sword. A musician also tried to kill him by bludgeoning him with a lead-weighted lute. Battles With Neighboring States The assassination attempts arose in part because of desperation in neighboring kingdoms. The Qin king had the most powerful army and neighboring rulers feared a Qin invasion. The Han kingdom fell to Qin Shi Huang in 230 BCE. In 229, a devastating earthquake rocked another powerful state, Zhao, leaving it weakened. Qin Shi Huang took advantage of the disaster  and invaded the region.  Wei fell in 225, followed by the powerful Chu in 223. The Qin army conquered Yan and Zhao in 222 (despite another assassination attempt on Qin Shi Huang by a Yan agent).  The final independent kingdom, Qi, fell to the Qin in 221 BCE. China Unified With the defeat of the other six warring states, Qin Shi Huang had unified northern China. His army would continue to expand the Qin Empires southern boundaries throughout his lifetime, driving as far south as what is now Vietnam.  The King of Qin was now the Emperor of Qin China. As Emperor, Qin Shi Huang reorganized the bureaucracy, abolishing the existing nobility and replacing them with his appointed officials. He also built a network of roads, with the capital of Xianyang at the hub. In addition, the Emperor simplified the written Chinese script, standardized weights and measures, and minted new copper coins. Steve Peterson Photography /  Getty Images The Great Wall and Ling Canal Despite its military might, the newly unified Qin Empire faced a recurring threat from the north: raids by the nomadic Xiongnu (the ancestors of Attilas Huns). In order to fend off the Xiongnu, Qin Shi Huang ordered the construction of an enormous defensive wall. The work was carried out by hundreds of thousands of slaves and criminals between 220 and 206 BCE; untold thousands of them died at the task. This northern fortification formed the first section of what would become the Great Wall of China. In 214, the Emperor also ordered the construction of a canal, the Lingqu, which linked the Yangtze and Pearl River systems. The Confucian Purge The Warring States Period was dangerous, but the lack of central authority allowed intellectuals to flourish. Confucianism and a number of other philosophies blossomed prior to Chinas unification. However, Qin Shi Huang viewed these schools of thought as threats to his authority, so he ordered all books not related to his reign burned in 213 BCE. The Emperor also had approximately 460 scholars buried alive in 212 for daring to disagree with him, and 700 more stoned to death. From then on, the only approved school of thought was legalism: Follow the Emperors laws, or face the consequences. Qin Shi Huangs Quest for Immortality As he entered middle age, the First Emperor grew more and more afraid of death. He became obsessed with finding the elixir of life, which would allow him to live forever.  The court doctors and alchemists concocted a number of potions, many of them containing quicksilver (mercury), which probably had the ironic effect of hastening the Emperors death rather than preventing it. Just in case the elixirs did not work, in 215 BCE the Emperor also ordered the construction of a gargantuan tomb for himself. Plans for the tomb included flowing rivers of mercury, cross-bow booby traps to thwart would-be plunderers, and replicas of the Emperors earthly palaces. Tim Graham / Getty Images The Terracotta Army To guard Qin Shi Huang in the afterworld, and perhaps allow him to conquer heaven as he had the earth, the Emperor had a terracotta army of at least 8,000 clay soldiers placed in the tomb. The army also included terracotta horses, along with real chariots and weapons. Each soldier was an individual, with unique facial features (although the bodies and limbs were mass-produced from molds). Death A large meteor fell in Dongjun in 211 BCE- an ominous sign for the Emperor. To make matters worse, someone etched the words The First Emperor will die and his land will be divided onto the stone.  Some saw this as a sign that the Emperor had lost the Mandate of Heaven. Since nobody would confess to the crime, the Emperor had everyone in the vicinity executed. The meteor itself was burned and then pounded into powder. Nevertheless, the Emperor died less than a year later, while touring eastern China in 210 BCE. The cause of death most likely was mercury poisoning, due to his immortality treatments. Legacy Qin Shi Huangs Empire did not outlast him long. His second son and Prime Minister tricked the heir, Fusu, into committing suicide. The second son, Huhai, seized power. However, widespread unrest (led by the remnants of the warring states nobility) threw the empire into disarray. In 207 BCE, the Qin army was defeated by Chu-lead rebels at the Battle of Julu. This defeat signaled the end of the Qin Dynasty. Whether Qin Shi Huang should be remembered more for his monumental creations and cultural advances or his brutal tyranny is a matter of dispute. All scholars agree, however, that Qin Shi Huang, the first Emperor of the Qin Dynasty and a unified China, was one of the most important rulers in Chinese history. Sources Lewis, Mark Edward. The Early Chinese Empires: Qin and Han. Harvard University Press, 2007.Lu Buwei. The Annals of Lu Buwei. Translated by John Knoblock and Jeffrey Riegel, Stanford University Press, 2000.Sima Qian. Records of the Grand Historian. Translated by Burton Watson, Columbia University Press, 1993.

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