Party influence in Congress Essay

The decline of party strength and influence began in the 19th century, partly due to the growth of the federal government under FDR whose immature Deal establishment served to undermine traditional social functions once carried out by party machines, thus weakening party loyalty. In the 1960s and mid-seventies new issues such as civil rights, feminism, environmentalism and consumer rights arose to challenge traditional voting habits. These issues did not divide neatly along party lines and more voters indulged in ticket-splitting (voting for incompatible parties in different elections). Partly in response to these trends, the parties themselves began to question their own policies and challenge their leaders.In relation, reforms democratized or opened up woof procedures to broader participation. Senior members effectuate themselves surrendering committee chairmanships to unknown newcomers. Whips found it harder to enforce party discipline and junior members increasingly pursued their own personal projects to gain media attention and impress their constituency voters. Congress members fox much to gain, in publicity and in tangible rewards (grants for their constituencies) from unpredictable behavior.The effect upon presidential influence in Congress has been destructive. President Carter struggled to pass bills done a House and Senate controlled by his own party. President Reagans early successes were largely due to Democrat Boll Weevil defections. President Clinton has likewise been unable to rely upon steadfast party support, particularly for his anti-crime legislation and Healthcare Reform bill. Congress has been split by the new individualism of its members.The rise of the primary in presidential selection was another method used to open up the political system and weaken party influence. Primaries allow voters a direct say in the plectron of the partys standard bearer in the presidential election. However, they enable candidates to hijack the party nomination for president by assembling teams of consultants, lawyers, financiers and media advisers, many of whom have no party affiliation and no loyalty or goal beyond the victory of their chosen leader.The victorious candidates sometimes lack any have intercourse of government at the nationallevel. Modern presidents, facing a fragmented Congress, aggressive pressure groups and a skeptical media, cannot afford the luxury of limited experience. Unfortunately, the novel election system tends to favor those candidates who are effective campaigners rather than those who may be effective administrators. Given these difficulties, it is not surprising that recent Presidents have appeared to struggle. The cementum of practical experience, party loyalty and common cause is too often thin or nonexistent at both ends.